dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class
returning in 2025
free to the public age 60 and up (registration required) – register with the button below or by calling 303-441-3148)
Sans Souci Festival of Dance Cinema is offering a series of programs designed to introduce viewers to dance film, connect artists with audiences, and encourage movement and artistic expression in the community. Each in-person event will consist of a dance film screening, a discussion with a local filmmaker, and a dance class designed for movers of all mobility levels and types. Films shown will be screendances (an artistic medium that fuses choreography and cinematography) as well as dance documentaries, and the lineups will feature dancers from around the world with a focus on dancers across the age spectrum. Michelle Bernier, Co-Director of the Festival, will facilitate the discussion, and dance class will be taught by Megan Roney, a certified DanceAbility teacher. No dance experience necessary; come as you are, leave when you want!
West Age Well Center 909 Arapahoe Ave Boulder, CO 80302
Accessibility: ADA accessible building, screening on the first floor, wheelchair seating available upon request.
with support from
January 9, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
T.I.A. (THIS is Africa)
2015 / France / 7 min
Directed by Matthieu Maunier-Rossi
Produced by Matthieu Maunier-Rossi
Choreography by Aïpeur Foundou
Dancing by Aïpeur Foundou
Cinematography by Matthieu Maunier-Rossi
Music Composed by Jon Hopkins
Aïpeur Foundou is a Congolese dancer and choreographer. Amidst some popular areas of Brazzaville, he shows us one possible way to freedom.
Exhale
2020 / Netherlands / 6 min
Directed by Moniek Van der Kallen
Produced by Lazlo Tonk, Dylan Tonk
Choreography by Moniek van der Kallen, Alicia Verdú Macián
Dancing by Alicia Verdú Macián
Cinematography by Erwan Van Buuren
Edited by Danjel Van den Hoogen
Exhale starts in shock, when a traumatic event makes you aware of your vulnerability. Your reality has been affected. Can you trust your senses? Exhale evokes reflection, letting go of your anger and overcoming the feeling of powerlessness. And ultimately regaining confidence in your own instincts and body.
Respite
2021 / France / 6 min
Directed by Anatole Chartier
Choreography and Dancing by Stanley Menthor
Cinematography by Maxime Bonan
Written by Anatole Chartier, Stanley Menthor
Sound Design by Théo Arramon
A young man, oppressed by the density of the city, decides to flee. He finds himself in a clear, calm space. He starts dancing, more and more intensely. Little by little, the sea will join the dance, sonically, accompanying his movements. After a crescendo ascent, close to trance, we will find him far away from urban buildings, in a clear, liberated aquatic setting.
Polly
2021 / United States / 5 min
Directed by Kristen Jorden
Choreography by Nic Gareiss
Dancing by Kristen Jorden, Herbert Poppe
Music composed by Laurel Premo
Cinematography by Noel Jorden
Edited by Kristen Jorden
A bored young woman helping her dad with chores finds she can’t keep from dancing, despite the risk of getting in trouble. When she finally gets caught, dance once again saves the day.
February 13, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Five people venture to a secret meadow tucked behind snow capped mountains to participate in a ritual of their own making. Together, they delight in dream logic and ceremonial uncanny through their mischievous traditions.
Maracatu vs Passinho
2022 / Brazil / 3 min
Directed by Rodrigo Pépe, Priscila Paciência
Produced by Aline Alves
Choreography by Priscila Paciência
Cinematography by Helder Tavares
In the videodance Maracatu vs Passinho we invited a Passinho dancer and a Caboclo de Lança to present some of their expressions in a friendly duel.
Mudlove
2019 / Finland / 7 min
Produced and Directed by Tero Peltoniemi
Choreography by Tero Hytönen
Dancing by Salla Rytövuori, Tero Hytönen, Pauliina Sjöberg, Kalle Pulkkinen
Boy meets girl at a coffee shop, and the two are thrown into a mud wrestling ring to find a common path forward, while their best friends act as coaches.
March 12, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
The Swan, My Mother and I
2022 / Brazil / 15 min
hybrid/performance documentation
Directed by Andréia Nhur, Guilherme Telli
Produced by Paola Bertolini
Choreography by Andréia Nhur, Janice Vieira
Featuring Azul Banana, Grupo Pró-Posição
Dancing by Andréia Nhur, Janice Vieira
This documentary blends the past of a dancer born and raised in the countryside of São Paulo-Brazil, and her present updated in the duets danced with her daughter, who is a dancer as well. The film transits between bucolic images of ruined landscapes and the stage, bringing a letter that is a familiar legacy, with instructions to dance the Russian choreography “The Dying Swan.”
Genna
2019 / Belgium / 3 min
Directed by Thomas Delord, Maja Zimmerlin
Choreography by Maja Zimmerlin
Cinematography by Thomas Delord
Featuring Odos Cie
Dancing by Aurore Allo, Lito Anastasopoulos, Kritonas Anastasopoulos, Iraklis Miragias, Olga Spiraki, Marina Georgakila, Nikos Garozis, Knut Vikström Precht, Maja Zimmerlin
Music Composed by Dimos Vryzas
Flooding. Soft stone shedding. Hard water, merging veins. Inside or outside. Bodies, connected. The earth, the stone, the air, the sea. Cold scream of burning lungs. Creating. Path bodies, planting bodies, growing bodies. Connected. Inside or Outside.
Never Standing Still: Hong Kong Ballet’s 40th Anniversary
2019 / United States / 2 min
Directed by Dean Alexander
Produced by Mikyung Kim
Choreography by Septime Webre
Featuring Design Army
Dancing by Hong Kong Ballet
Music Composed by Squeak E Clean Studios
Creative/Art Director Pum Lefebure
Executive Producer Jake Lefebure
After successfully redefining Hong Kong Ballet’s brand last year, our goal this year — their 40th anniversary — was to establish Hong Kong Ballet as an institution of national prestige and reach new audiences with the Ballet’s vision. the people of Hong Kong needed to see themselves reflected in the Ballet. Our strategy led us to blend traditional and pop-culture colors, tutus and street clothes, Chinese opera-inspired and contemporary makeup, and a backdrop of iconic Hong Kong landmarks to celebrate the Ballet’s heritage and its spirit of innovation. Hong Kong Ballet, like the city itself, is “Never Standing Still.” The film went viral and earned more than 2 million views.
Moving With is a short film to capture a precious moment in time between mother and son and their local landscape. A celebration of simple things: being together, moving together, listening and watching all we have on our doorstep. It aims to document dance artist Lucy Nicholson and her son, Benji’s, regular journeys out and about in their local village of Staveley, Lake District, Cumbria. They pack a bag and walk to their favourite spots and ask themselves, noticing…what can we hear?….what can we see?…how shall we move?… Mother and son dance together, responding to the accompaniment of their natural surroundings with a backdrop of the beautiful national park. We acknowledge the power and grace in stillness, slowness, gentleness, calmness – without challenge, target or adrenaline we love, appreciate, participate and experience our wonderful world. Moving With acts as an alternative perspective on how we can be with our children in our natural spaces, on what outdoor activity can look like and how the appreciation of our natural world can be nurtured.
Featuring National State Ensemble, independent artists
Cinematography by Jevan Chowdhury
Music Composed by Danny Odom
This short marries the people of Yerevan — the capital of Armenia and one of the world’s oldest continually inhabited cities — with the modern day metropolis. Created in public spaces in 3 days and 3 nights.
June 11, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Dance Like Your Old Man
2006 / Australia / 10 min
Directed by Gideon Obarzanek, Edwina Throsby
Produced by Chunky Move in association with Chequerboard Productions
Featuring Chunky Move
Dancing by Meaghan McHenry, Sara Black, Alexandra Dillon, Bec Reid, Penelope Bartiau, Ros Warby
Cinematography by Cordelia Beresford
Edited by Simon Njoo
Six unseen fathers come to life through their dances as imitated and reflected on by their daughters.
The Air Before Me
2021 / United States / 5 min
Directed by Shaun Clarke
Produced by Shaun Clarke, John Lam, Helen Pickett
Choreography by Helen Pickett
Dancing by John Lam
Cinematography by Daniel Jacobs
Edited by Shaun Clarke
Music composed by Peter Salem
The Air Before Me is a short dance film that connects ethereal space and light with human agency in a continual affirmation of the present’s power.
Attention Span
2020 / United States / 3 min
Directed by Mitchell Rose
Produced by Mitchell Rose
Choreography by Emily Arden Jones
Dancing by Emily Arden Jones
A dancer is shot from 16 camera angles and edited at a disturbing rate. And then suddenly, nothing happens. Intrigued? Watch on.
Incontri – Gabriel Schmitz
2022 / Italy / 10 min
documentary
Directed by Chiara Becattini
Choreography by Elena Giannotti, Maiko Nishino, Christina Marti Ninot
Gabriel Schmitz, a German artist deeply fascinated by dance and movement, is joined by three dancers in a series of performances in an ancient Venetian palace, during which art and movement intersect to create new meanings.
July 9, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Music Performed by Tray Wellington, Old Crow Medicine Show
Arthur Grimes was born and raised in the Appalachian mountains, and is the only professionally working African-American buck dancer in Boone, North Carolina. In this short documentary, Arthur recounts his dance journey from eager youth to professional master, gives us a glimpse into his performance experience, and demonstrates his deep love for Appalachian music, dance and history.
Earth Poem
2015 / United States / 3 min
Directed by Gabriel Bienczycki
Produced by The Equus Projects
Choreography by Gabriel Bienczycki, JoAnna Mendl Shaw
Featuring The Equus Projects
Dancing by Tal Adler, Jenna Pollack, Audrey Rachelle Stanley
Cinematography by Gabriel Bienczycki
Music by Jami Sieber
Poem by Ewa Bienczycka
The Equus Projects Artistic Direction by JoAnna Mendl Shaw
A dancer in a poetic, kinetic dialogue with an equine partner (filmed in Elizabeth, CO).
Groggy Grugg
2018 / United States / 4 min
Directed by Conor C. Long
Produced by Conor C. Long
Choreography by Brianna Lopez
Featuring University of Utah Screendance
Dancing by Grugg
Cinematography by Conor C. Long
Music Composed by William Cannon
A claymation screendance short film about that terrible every day struggle to get out of bed for that first delicious cup of coffee.
Imágenes de una Realidad (Images of a Reality)
2020 / Mexico / 4 min
Directed by Ana Baer, Cecilia Appleton
Produced by Baer Productions
An intimate view at an intergenerational family living in one of the largest cities in the world. Filmed on location in Mexico City.
Molat & Molat
2015 / United States / 6 min
Directed by Kate Duhamel
Produced by Kate Duhamel
Choreography by Pascal Molat
Dancing by Pascal Molat
Featuring San Francisco Ballet
Music by Ben Joudvalkis
Cinematography by Jesse Dana
Edited by Clayton Worfolk, Kate Duhamel
Narrated by Matisse Molat
The story of Pascal Molat dancing, as told by Matisse Molat, age 5.
August 13, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Digital Afterlives
2018 / Australia / 5 min
Directed by Richard James Allen, Karen Pearlman
Produced by Richard James Allen, Karen Pearlman
Choreography by Richard James Allen
Dancing by Richard James Allen
Featuring The Physical TV Company
Music Composed by Franz Liszt
Music Performed by Edward A. Kilenyi
Cinematography by Michi Marosszeky
Edited by Karen Pearlman
A witty and whimsical meditation on free will, identity and the afterlife. A narrative made through the collision of unlikely elements: dance, digital code, Franz Liszt, and playful echoes across the history of onscreen physical storytelling, paying homage to films like “Modern Times” and “The Red Shoes.” A man in white-winged angel shoes is awakened, then multiplied and manipulated through all the dimensions of infinite black, finally to be returned to his original form and spat out onto the junk heap of history.
Above the Light
2016 / United Kingdom / 6 min
Directed by Heike Salzer, Jack Laidlaw
Produced by Heike Salzer, Jack Laidlaw
Choreography by Jennifer Essex
Dancing by Jennifer Essex
Music by Jack Laidlaw
Cinematography by Andy Harrison
Edited by Heike Salzer
A movement exploration on a rooftop set to the backdrop of sunset and city lights.
When a homeless violinist desperate to get to her destination is confronted by a train inspector, she fantasizes that she’s part of an old Hollywood musical alongside the passengers that ignore her.
Offering
2023 / Canada / 5 min
Directed by Marlene Millar
Produced by Marlene Millar, Sandy Silva, Kathy Sperberg
Choreography by Sandy Silva
Dancing by Sonia Clarke, David Cronkite, Dominic Desrochers, Omar Motion Carter, Afia Douglas, Issac Endo, Hélène Lemay, Chloe Hart, Louis Roy, Sana Hutchison, Rachel Hutchison, Edai Larobina, Kimberly Robin, Mathilde Richer, Bobby Thompson
Offering creates a meaningful convergence between the Migration Dance Film Project’s body percussion artists and emerging artists from dance (gigue, contemporary, street) and circus arts. The choreography uses the power of procession in Montreal’s urban borough of Little Burgundy to amplify its storyline of (re)imagined homescape in the era of mid-pandemic. The procession formed by movement artists from across communities weaves its way through urban corridors, neighbourhoods, green spaces — an uncoiled assemblage of nomadic storytellers anchored in the intimate knowledge of individual and shared experiences in unison. Offering imbues movement in stillness within our city and takes refuge in its powerful migratory patterns traced across our urbanscape.
September 10, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Unfurling the Wings Within
2022 / United States / 3 min
Choreography by Samuel Tomatz, Merlyn Holmes
Featuring Creativity Alive
Dancing by Merlyn Holmes, Kathryn Aronson, Chelsea Magyar
Music Composed by Richard Turco
With all our natural, human desire to “fly” in all that metaphoric glory, it can be a mystery where and how we can access our wings to do so. Imagine your wings now (whether visible or not) and how it might feel to unfurl them, maybe as you squeeze your shoulder blades together. Where do the wings seem to come from? Is it the shoulder blade itself? Or is it maybe deeper within?
AMA
2018 / France / 7 min
Directed by Julie Gautier
Produced by Spark Seeker, Les Films Engloutis
Choreography by Ophélie Longuet
Dancing by Julie Gautier
Music Composed by Ezio Bosso
Cinematography by Jacques Ballard
Edited by Jérôme Lozano
The rain falls like so many tears on a young woman dressed in a little black dress. We dive into her eyes as we dive into her soul drowned by sorrow. At the bottom of the water, the woman, lying on the floor, gently up and begins to dance.
Root, Grow, Release, Repeat
2021 / United States / 9 min
Directed by Megan Brandel, April Frame
Featuring Open Arms Dance Project
Cinematography by April Frame
The choreography and natural movement of twelve physically and neuro-diverse dancers, ages eight to seventy-four, blooms, flys, and flows on a journey through the Idaho Botanical Garden. This heartwarming story unfolds with poetic descriptions that create an accessible experience for all viewers, including those who are blind.
The Icons
2017 / United States / 4 min
Directed by Mitchell Rose
Produced by Ashley Roland, Jamey Hampton, Mitchell Rose
Choreography by Ashley Roland, Jamey Hampton
Dancing by Ashley Roland, Jamey Hampton
Featuring BodyVox
Cinematography by Mitchell Rose
Music by William Goodrum
Alternative interpretations of signage from America’s favorite generic couple, The Icons.
Above the waves, beneath the sky, against the rock. Moving against a staggering vertical cliff face, suspended above wild crashing ocean, two artists dance with the roaring wind and each-other in a celebration of human connection, our experience of nature and the vast wilderness that is the Wilyabrup sea cliffs. A choreographed performance of two bodies in gravity-defying motion tethered to the rockface, this vertical dance frames the artform against truly wild nature that shows the beauty, fragility and resilience of the human body and the environment. Filmed on Wadandi land in the south west of Western Australia.
October 8, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Birds
2023 / Norway / 11 min
first-time filmmaker
Directed by Liv Runesdatter
Produced by Bjarte Mørner Tveit, Joakim Hauge Vocke
Dancing by Jakob Hidle Høgeli, Ingvald Aagenæs, Ella Søndenå, Edith Victoria Ødegård Dahle, Daniel Dam Elnan, Carmen Elvira Aspøy
Cinematography by Joakim Hauge Vocke
Music Composed by Eirik Bekkeheien
Edited by Kyrre Hervik Larsen
Color Grading by Kyrre Hervik Larsen
Dance Teaching by Mari Flønes
The connection between six children and nature is explored through improvised dance and movement, showcasing the unique perspective of children as they interact with nature through play. Through the eyes of these young adventurers, we rediscover the world and how to cherish and comprehend our environment. In a landscape where the authentic voices of children often play second fiddle to adult interpretations, Birds is a revelation. Here, children are not just passive actors but potent co-creators, channeling their unfiltered creativity and depth. Join us on this poetic journey to rediscover our lost connections, one where the chirps, rustles, and dances speak louder than words. Over six transformative months, a class of third graders, alongside five dedicated artists, delved into a multidisciplinary art experiment. Their mission? To explore, understand, and articulate the rhythm and essence of their local woodland and birdlife. Under guidance of director Liv Runesdatter, this journey flourished into stunning installations, music, dance, and prose, all mirroring the nuanced language, movement, and habitats of the birds. The film climaxes as their artistic endeavours converge with the forest, the source of their inspiration. The deliberate choice of not including dialogue not only enhances its universal appeal but also amplifies the potent message it carries. Through the children’s profound interactions, we’re confronted with the urgent need to revisit our relationship with nature. In a world burdened by its own excesses, their vivid and authentic expressions might just hold the key to unlocking a dormant connection we once treasured. Can their instinctual wisdom remind us of truths we’ve forgotten?
Maestro
2024 / / 3 min
Directed by Manas Sirakanyan
Produced by Manas Sirakanyan
Dancing by Dmitry Kolokolnokov
A pianist’s fantasy. Rachmaninoff’s masterpiece interpreted as a b-boy round.
Waiting for the Bus
2023 / United States / 7 min
documentary
Directed by Beth Graczyk
Produced by Beth Graczyk Productions, Hilary & Robert Headlee Family
A short which features Michael Wolfe who identifies as “a black, queer performance artist with autism” offers insight into his daily life and inner world through movement, text, and song.
Lift Off
2024 / Finland / 6 min
Directed by Hanne Vartiainen, Teemu Kyytinen
Dancing by Raili Eero, Pirjo Eerikäinen, Maija Hakkarainen, Maura Korhonen, Katri Ruotsalainen
Lift Off is a caption of play and joy of five merging female aerial dancers doing what they love: dancing in the air. Despite of their aging bodies they have released themselves from what they are expected to be able to do with their minds and bodies. It is a revolution on movement!
Going Down
2022 / United States / 4 min
Directed by Cailin Leigh Manning
Produced by Cailin Leigh Manning, Tanner Grandstaff
Dancing by Getfone Vongkhamchanh, Lenin Fernandez
Cinematography by Tanner Grandstaff
Assistant Cinematography by Tiffany Abreu
Steadicam Operator by Luke Holliday
Going Down is a whimsical dance film set in the 80’s that follows the story of a lonely office clerk who spins a wild fantasy upon a chance encounter in an elevator.
November 12, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
Walks With Me (Käy Rinnallain)
2021 / Finland / 11 min
Directed by Kati Kallio
Produced by Elli Isokoski, Outi Rousu
Choreography by Kati Kallio
Dancing by Ritva Kattelus, Elli Hirvikoski, Kerttu Luhtala, Aino Virkki, Lydia Ponkiniemi, Antero Lehtonen, Elina Härynen, Marjukka Savolainen, Jukka Tarvainen, Nelli Saarelainen, Ervi Sirén, Sisko Kinnunen
Music composed by Janne Laine
Cinematography by Antti Ahokoivu
Edited by Kati Kallio
Costume Design by Niina Huovinen
Makeup by Laura Herttua
80-year-old Sanna lives alone with her memories and houseplants. One day Sanna sees an event from her window that makes her reminisce about her friends and notice her own loneliness.
Joan
2024 / Ireland / 9 min
Directed by Laura Murphy
Produced by Kristyn Fontanella, Little Fountain Productions, Laura Murphy
Choreography by Laura Murphy
Dancing by Joan Davis
Cinematography by Pato Cassinoni
Edited by Pato Cassinoni
Music and Sound by Irene Buckley
Sound Mixing by Cormac O’Connor
Narrated by Joan Davis
The worth of a dancer’s career is often measured by the time spent in the limelight. Yet a dancer’s experience of their career extends beyond the stage. Joan reveals unspoken values that are often difficult to articulate and easy to forget, creating a unique living archive of untold stories. This film-animation is a poetic portrait of dance artist and pioneer Joan Davis. Directed by Laura Murphy, Joan is part of an innovative series of multimedia films focused on 8 women in dance in Ireland called This Is It. “Dancers have notoriously short careers. The dance artist and director Laura Murphy graciously offers greater longevity by noting them in this film. A collection of multimedia portraits, this welcome exploration challenges notions of what we view as success” – The Irish Times
Moutya Lapoud
2024 / Seychelles / 7 min
Directed by Steve Woods
Produced by Steve Woods
Choreography by Denis Rose
Dancing by Denis Rose
Cinematography by Sophie Perolari
Today a heroin addict wakes up to face another day of slavery to his addiction. Far from the sunny beaches of the Seychelles he begs in a laneway at the bus station. The Moutya was a secret dance that the slaves in Seychelles danced. Today there is a new slavery in Seychelles, Lapoud…heroin. Here in Moutya Lapoud is another secret dance.
What Continues to Be
2023 / United States / 10 min
documentary
Directed by Virginia Broyles
Produced by Virginia Broyles, Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company, TWIG Media Lab
The founders of Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company, and those that contributed to its evolution, look back at what was, and what is to come. Celebrating the 60th anniversary this year, the company’s mission of “Dance is for Everybody” remains core to its creative spirit and its commitment to outreach and education. Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company is an American contemporary dance company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, founded in 1964. Ririe-Woodbury strives to raise the standards, deepen the understanding and promote personal connections with dance.
December 10, 2024 from 2:30pm – 4pm
dance film screening, discussion, and low-mobility-friendly dance class free to the public age 60 and better
RadioBody
2021 / United States / 13 min
Directed by Erinn Liebhard
Produced by Erinn Liebhard
Choreography by Erinn Liebhard
Dancing by Nieya Amezquita, Doug Hooker, Amy Jones, Sara Karimi, Erinn Liebhard, Kelli Miles, Kathleen Pender, John Surber
Cinematography by Cully Gallagher
Musical Arrangement by Mike Lauer
Drone and Additional Camera by TJ Tronson
RadioBody is a collaboration with composer Mike Lauer exploring the jazz sensibilities and human toil and triumph embedded in the work of pioneering alt-electronic band Radiohead.
Refuge
2023 / Canada / 14 min
Directed by Marlene Millar
Produced by Marlene Millar, Sandy Silva
Choreography by Sandy Silva
Dancing by Drew Bathory, Sonia Clarke, David Cronkite, Dominic Desrochers, Afia Douglas, Isaac Endo, Helene Lemay, Kimberly Robin, Sandy Silva, Bobby Thompson
Cinematography by Kes Tagney
As our lives get mutated by different lands and cityscapes, what stays persistent? How do body memories get recycled / shared and where does the body-as-archive is practised to become a refuge to root ourselves during a migratory experience? The last film of the MDFP series draws from the corporeal memories of 10 dancers-singers who are engaged in a “movement through journeying process” of converging individual practices in a nomadic and rhythmic chorus of togetherness and home seeking/finding.
The best things happen while you’re dancing! The holidays celebrated through music and dance!
The background image is a still frame from Since The Silence (2016, Canada) directed by Thomas Corriveau. The foreground image is a still frame from Offering (2023, Canada) directed by Marlene Millar.